ukpga/1974/53 — Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974

Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 1974 c.53 An Act to rehabilitate offenders who have not been reconvicted of any serious offence for periods of years, to penalise the unauthorised disclosure of their previous convictions, to amend the law of defamation, and for purposes connected therewith. [31st July 1974] Rehabilitated Protected persons and spent convictions. 1 1 Subject to subsection (2) subsections (2), (5) and (6) below, where an individual has been convicted, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, of any offence or offences, and the following conditions are satisfied, that is to say— a he did not have imposed on him in respect of that conviction a sentence which is excluded from rehabilitation under this Act; and b he has not had imposed on him in respect of a subsequent conviction during the rehabilitation period applicable to the first-mentioned conviction in accordance with section 6 below a sentence which is excluded from rehabilitation under this Act; then, after the end of the rehabilitation period so applicable (including, where appropriate, any extension under section 6(4) below of the period originally applicable to the first-mentioned conviction) or, where that rehabilitation period ended before the commencement of this Act, after the commencement of this Act, that individual shall for the purposes of this Act be treated as a rehabilitated person in respect of the first-mentioned conviction and that conviction shall for those purposes be treated as spent. 1 Subsections (1A) and (1B) apply where— a an individual has at any time been convicted of any offence, and b an excluded sentence was not imposed on the individual in respect of the conviction. 1A After the expiry of the disclosure period applicable to the conviction in accordance with section 6 (including any extension under subsection (4) of that section)— a the individual is, for the purposes of this Act, to be treated as a protected person in respect of the conviction, and b the conviction is, for the purposes of this Act, to be treated as spent. 1B But where the disclosure period so applicable expired before commencement of this Act, the individual and conviction are to be treated as mentioned in subsection (1A) from the date of commencement of this Act. 1C Subsections (1) to (1B) are subject to subsections (2) , (5) and (6) and (5) to (8) . 2 A person shall not become a rehabilitated protected person for the purposes of this Act in respect of a conviction unless he has served or otherwise undergone or complied with any sentence imposed on him in respect of that conviction; but the following shall not, by virtue of this subsection, prevent a person from becoming a rehabilitated protected person for those purposes— a failure to pay a fine or other sum adjudged to be paid by or imposed on a conviction, or breach of a condition of a recognizance or of a bond of caution to keep the peace or be of good behaviour; b breach of any condition or requirement applicable in relation to a sentence which renders the person to whom it applies liable to be dealt with for the offence for which the sentence was imposed, or, where the sentence was a suspended sentence of imprisonment, liable to be dealt with in respect of that sentence (whether or not, in any case, he is in fact so dealt with); c failure to comply with any requirement of a suspended sentence supervision order. 2A Where in respect of a conviction a person has been sentenced to imprisonment with an order under s. 47(1) of the Criminal Law Act 1977, he is to be treated for the purposes of subsection (2) above as having served the sentence as soon as he completes service of so much of the sentence as was by that order required to be served in prison. 2B In subsection (2)(a) above the reference to a fine or other sum adjudged to be paid by or imposed on a conviction does not include a reference to an amount payable under a confiscation order made under Part 2 or 3 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. 3 In this Act “ sentence ” includes any order made by a court in dealing with a person in respect of his conviction of any offence or offences, other than— za a surcharge imposed under section 161A of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 or section 42 of the Sentencing Code ; zb a hospital direction under section 59A of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995; zc a victim surcharge imposed under section 253F of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995; a an order for committal or any other order made in default of payment of any fine or other sum adjudged to be paid by or imposed on a conviction, or for want of sufficient distress to satisfy any such fine or other sum; b an order dealing with a person in respect of a suspended sentence of imprisonment. c an order under section 21A of the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 or section 46 of the Sentencing Code (criminal courts charge). 3A In subsection (3)(a), the reference to want of sufficient distress to satisfy a fine or other sum includes a reference to circumstances where— a there is power to use the procedure in Schedule 12 to the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 to recover the fine or other sum from a person, but b it appears, after an attempt has been made to exercise the power, that the person's goods are insufficient to pay the amount outstanding (as defined by paragraph 50(3) of that Schedule). 4 In this Act, references to a conviction, however expressed, include references— a to a conviction by or before a court outside England and Wales Scotland ; and b to any finding (other than a finding linked with a finding of insanity or, as the case may be, a finding that a person is not criminally responsible under section 51A of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 (c.46) ) in any criminal proceedings . . . that a person has committed an offence or done the act or made the omission charged; and notwithstanding anything in section 247 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 (c.46) or section 82 of the Sentencing Code or section 187 of the Armed Forces Act 2006 a conviction in respect of which an order is made discharging the person concerned absolutely or conditionally shall be treated as a conviction for the purposes of this Act and the person in question may become a rehabilitated protected person in respect of that conviction and the conviction a spent conviction for those purposes accordingly. 4A In this Act, an “excluded sentence” is a sentence listed in section 5(1). 5 This Act does not apply to any disregarded conviction or caution within the meaning of Chapter 4 of Part 5 of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012. 6 Accordingly, references in this Act to a conviction or caution do not include references to any such disregarded conviction or caution. 7 This Act does not apply to any conviction of an offence committed when the individual was under 12 years of age. 8 Accordingly, references in this Act to a conviction do not include references to any such conviction. Rehabilitation of persons dealt with in service disciplinary proceedings. 2 1 . . . For the purposes of this Act any finding that a person is guilty of an offence in respect of any act or omission which was the subject of service disciplinary proceedings shall be treated as a conviction and any punishment awarded or order made by virtue of Schedule 5A to the Army Act 1955 or to the Air Force Act 1955 or Schedule 4A to the Naval Discipline Act 1957 in respect of any such finding shall be treated as a sentence. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 In this Act, “ service disciplinary proceedings ” means any of the following— za any proceedings (whether or not before a court) in respect of a service offence within the meaning of the Armed Forces Act 2006 (except proceedings before a civilian court within the meaning of that Act); a any proceedings under the Army Act 1955, the Air Force Act 1955, or the Naval Discipline Act 1957 whether before a court-martial or before any other court or person authorised thereunder to award a punishment in respect of any offence); b any proceedings under any Act previously in force corresponding to any of the Acts mentioned in paragraph ( a ) above; bb any proceedings before a Standing Civilian Court established under the Armed Forces Act 1976; c any proceedings under any corresponding enactment or law applying to a force, other than a home force, to which section 4 of the Visiting Forces (British Commonwealth) Act 1933 applies or applied at the time of the proceedings, being proceedings in respect of a member of a home force who is or was at that time attached to the first-mentioned force under that section; whether in any event those proceedings take place in England and Wales Scotland or elsewhere. 6 Section 376(1) to (3) of the Armed Forces Act 2006 (“conviction” and “ sentence ” in relation to summary hearings and the SAC) apply for the purposes of this Act as they apply for the purposes of that Act. Special provision with respect to certain disposals by children’s hearings .... 3 1 Where a a ground for the referral of a child’s case to a children’s hearing under the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 is that mentioned in section 52(2)(i) of that Act (commission by the child of an offence) and that ground has either been accepted by the child and, where necessary, by his parent or been established (or deemed established) to the satisfaction of the sheriff under section 68 or 85 of that Act , or b one or more of the section 67 grounds under the Children’s Hearings (Scotland) Act 2011 is that mentioned in section 67(2)(j) of that Act (meaning of “ section 67 ground ”) and that ground has either been accepted by the child and, where necessary, by any person who is a relevant person, or has been established to the satisfaction of the sheriff under section 108 or 114 of that Act, the acceptance, establishment (or deemed establishment) of that ground shall be treated for the purposes of this Act (but not otherwise) as a conviction, and any disposal of the case thereafter by a children’s hearing shall be treated for those purposes as a sentence; and references in this Act to a person’s being charged with or prosecuted for an offence shall be construed accordingly. 2 In subsection (1)(b), “ relevant person ” has the meaning given in section 200 of the Children’s Hearings (Scotland) Act 2011 and includes any individual who is deemed to be a relevant person under section 81(3), or by virtue of an order under section 160(4)(b), of that Act. 3 This section does not apply where the acts or omissions constituting the ground mentioned in subsection (1) occurred when the child was under 12 years of age. Effect of rehabilitation becoming a protected person . 4 1 Subject to sections 7 and 8 below, a person who has become a rehabilitated protected person for the purposes of this Act in respect of a conviction shall be treated for all purposes in law as a person who has not committed or been charged with or prosecuted for or convicted of or sentenced for the offence or offences which were the subject of that conviction; and, notwithstanding the provisions of any other enactment or rule of law to the contrary, but subject as aforesaid— a no evidence shall be admissible in any proceedings before a judicial authority exercising its jurisdiction or functions in England and Wales Scotland to prove that any such person has committed or been charged with or prosecuted for or convicted of or sentenced for any offence which was the subject of a spent conviction; and b a person shall not, in any such proceedings, be asked, and, if asked, shall not be required to answer, any question relating to his past which cannot be answered without acknowledging or referring to a spent conviction or spent convictions or any circumstances ancillary thereto. 2 Subject to the provisions of any order made under subsection (4) below, where a question seeking information with respect to a person’s previous convictions, offences, conduct or circumstances is put to him or to any other person otherwise than in proceedings before a judicial authority— a the question shall be treated as not relating to spent convictions or to any circumstances ancillary to spent convictions, and the answer thereto may be framed accordingly; and b the person questioned shall not be subjected to any liability or otherwise prejudiced in law by reason of any failure to acknowledge or disclose a spent conviction or any circumstances ancillary to a spent conviction in his answer to the question. 3 Subject to the provisions of any order made under subsection (4) below,— a any obligation imposed on any person by any rule of law or by the provisions of any agreement or arrangement to disclose any matters to any other person shall not extend to requiring him to disclose a spent conviction or any circumstances ancillary to a spent conviction (whether the conviction is his own or another’s); and b a conviction which has become spent or any circumstances ancillary thereto, or any failure to disclose a spent conviction or any such circumstances, shall not be a proper ground for dismissing or excluding a person from any office, profession, occupation or employment, or for prejudicing him in any way in any occupation or employment. 4 The Secretary of State may by order— a make such provision as seems to him appropriate for excluding or modifying the application of either or both of paragraphs ( a ) and ( b ) of subsection (2) above in relation to questions put in such circumstances as may be specified in the order; b provide for such exceptions from the provisions of subsection (3) above as seem to him appropriate, in such cases or classes of case, and in relation to convictions of such a description, as may be specified in the order. 5 For the purposes of this section and section 7 below any of the following are circumstances ancillary to a conviction, that is to say— a the offence or offences which were the subject of that conviction; b the conduct constituting that offence or those offences; and c any process or proceedings preliminary to that conviction, any sentence imposed in respect of that conviction, any proceedings (whether by way of appeal or otherwise) for reviewing that conviction or any such sentence, and anything done in pursuance of or undergone in compliance with any such sentence. 6 For the purposes of this section and section 7 below “ proceedings before a judicial authority ” includes, in addition to proceedings before any of the ordinary courts of law, proceedings before any tribunal, body or person having power— a by virtue of any enactment, law, custom or practice; b under the rules governing any association, institution, profession, occupation or employment; or c under any provision of an agreement providing for arbitration with respect to questions arising thereunder; to determine any question affecting the rights, privileges, obligations or liabilities of any person, or to receive evidence affecting the determination of any such question. Rehabilitation periods for particular sentences. 5 1 The sentences excluded from rehabilitation under this Act are— a a sentence of imprisonment for life; b any of the following sentences, where the sentence is imposed for an offence specified in Schedule 18 to the Sentencing Code (serious violent, sexual and terrorism offences) or a service offence as respects which the corresponding offence is so specified— i a sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding 4 years; ii a sentence of youth custody for such a term; iii a sentence of detention in a young offender institution for such a term; iv a sentence of corrective training for such a term; v a sentence of detention under section 91 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 for such a term; vi a sentence of detention under section 250 or 252A of the Sentencing Code for such a term; vii a sentence of detention under section 209 or 224B of the Armed Forces Act 2006 for such a term; viii a sentence of detention under section 205ZC(5) or 208 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 for such a term; c a sentence of preventive detention; . . . d a sentence of detention during Her Majesty’s pleasure or for life under section 90 or 91 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 , under section 250 or 259 of the Sentencing Code or under section 209 or 218 of the Armed Forces Act 2006, or under section 205(2) or (3) of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 , ... e a sentence of custody for life ; and f a sentence of imprisonment for public protection under section 225 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003, a sentence of detention for public protection under section 226 of that Act or an extended sentence under section 226A, 226B, 227 or 228 of that Act or section 254, 266 or 279 of the Sentencing Code (including any sentence within this paragraph passed as a result of any of sections 219 to 222 of the Armed Forces Act 2006) and any other sentence is a sentence subject to rehabilitation under this Act. 1ZA In subsection (1)(b)— a “ service offence ” means an offence under— i section 42 of the Armed Forces Act 2006, ii section 70 of the Army Act 1955 or Air Force Act 1955, or iii section 42 of the Naval Discipline Act 1957, and b “ corresponding offence ” means— i in relation to an offence under section 42 of the Armed Forces Act 2006, the corresponding offence under the law of England and Wales within the meaning of that section; ii in relation to an offence under section 70 of the Army Act 1955 or the Air Force Act 1955, the corresponding civil offence within the meaning of that Act; iii in relation to an offence under section 42 of the Naval Discipline Act 1957, the civil offence within the meaning of that section. 1ZB Section 48 of the Armed Forces Act 2006 (supplementary provisions relating to ancillary service offences) applies for the purposes of subsection (1ZA)(b)(i) as it applies for the purposes of the provisions of that Act referred to in subsection (3)(b) of that section. 1A In this section — a references to section 209 of the Armed Forces Act 2006 include references to section 71A(4) of the Army Act 1955 or Air Force Act 1955 or section 43A(4) of the Naval Discipline Act 1957; b the reference to section 218 of the Armed Forces Act 2006 includes a reference to section 71A(3) of the Army Act 1955 or Air Force Act 1955 or section 43A(3) of the Naval Discipline Act 1957. 2 For the purposes of this Act and subject to subsections (2A) to (4), the rehabilitation period for a sentence is the period— a beginning with the date of the conviction in respect of which the sentence is imposed, and b ending at the time listed in the following Table in relation to that sentence: Sentence End of rehabilitation period for adult offenders End of rehabilitation period for offenders under 18 at date of conviction A custodial sentence of more than 4 years The end of the period of 7 years beginning with the day on which the sentence (including any licence period) is completed The end of the period of 42 months beginning with the day on which the sentence (including any licence period) is completed A custodial sentence of more than 1 year and up to, or consisting of, 4 years The end of the period of 4 years beginning with the day on which the sentence (including any licence period) is completed The end of the period of 2 years beginning with the day on which the sentence (including any licence period) is completed A custodial sentence of 1 year or less The end of the period of 12 months beginning with the day on which the sentence (including any licence period) is completed The end of the period of 6 months beginning with the day on which the sentence (including any licence period) is completed Removal from Her Majesty's service The end of the period of 12 months beginning with the date of the conviction in respect of which the sentence is imposed The end of the period of 6 months beginning with the date of the conviction in respect of which the sentence is imposed A sentence of service detention The end of the period of 12 months beginning with the day on which the sentence is completed The end of the period of 6 months beginning with the day on which the sentence is completed A severe reprimand or reprimand under the Armed Forces Act 2006 The end of the period of 12 months beginning with the date of the conviction in respect of which the sentence is imposed The end of the period of 6 months beginning with the date of the conviction in respect of which the sentence is imposed A fine The end of the period of 12 months beginning with the date of the conviction in respect of which the sentence is imposed The end of the period of 6 months beginning with the date of the conviction in respect of which the sentence is imposed A compensation order The date on which the payment is made in full The date on which the payment is made in full . . . . . . . . . A relevant order The day provided for by or under the order as the last day on which the order is to have effect The day provided for by or under the order as the last day on which the order is to have effect 2A Subsection (2B) applies where provision is made by or under a relevant order for the order to have effect— a until further order, b until the occurrence of a specified event, or c otherwise for an indefinite period. 2B The rehabilitation period for the order is the period— a beginning with the date of the conviction in respect of which the order is imposed, and b ending when the order ceases to have effect. 3 The rehabilitation period for a relevant order which is not otherwise dealt with in the Table or under subsections (2A) and (2B) is the period of 24 months beginning with the date of conviction. 4 There is no rehabilitation period for— a an order discharging a person absolutely for an offence, or b any other sentence in respect of a conviction where the sentence is not dealt with in the Table or under any of subsections (2A) to (3) , and, in such cases, references in this Act to any rehabilitation period are to be read as if the period of time were nil. 5 See also— a section 8AA (protection afforded to spent alternatives to prosecution), and b Schedule 2 (protection for spent cautions). 6 The Secretary of State may by order amend column 2 or 3 of the Table or the number of months for the time being specified in subsection (3). 7 Subject to subsection (7A), for the purposes of this section— a consecutive terms of imprisonment or other custodial sentences are to be treated as a single term, b terms of imprisonment or other custodial sentences which are wholly or partly concurrent (that is terms of imprisonment or other custodial sentences imposed in respect of offences of which a person was convicted in the same proceedings) are to be treated as a single term, c no account is to be taken of any subsequent variation, made by a court dealing with a person in respect of a suspended sentence of imprisonment, of the term originally imposed, d no account is to be taken of any subsequent variation of the day originally provided for by or under an order as the last day on which the order is to have effect, e no account is to be taken of any detention or supervision ordered by a court under section 104(3) of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 or paragraph 3(2) of Schedule 12 to the Sentencing Code , f a sentence imposed by a court outside England and Wales is to be treated as the sentence mentioned in this section to which it most closely corresponds. 7A Subsection (7)(a) or (b) does not apply for the purposes of determining whether a sentence is excluded from rehabilitation by virtue of subsection (1)(b). 7B For the purposes of this section, a sentence imposed as mentioned in subsection (7)(f) for an offence— a under the law of Scotland, Northern Ireland or a country or territory outside the United Kingdom, and b which would have constituted an offence specified in Schedule 18 to the Sentencing Code if it had been committed in England and Wales, is to be treated as a sentence for an offence specified in that Schedule (and for this purpose an act punishable under the law in force in a country or territory outside the United Kingdom constitutes an offence under that law, however it is described in that law). 8 In this section— “ community or youth rehabilitation order ” means— a community order under Chapter 2 of Part 9 of the Sentencing Code , a service community order or overseas community order under the Armed Forces Act 2006, a youth rehabilitation order under Chapter 1 of Part 9 of the Sentencing Code , or any order of a kind superseded (whether directly or indirectly) by an order mentioned in paragraph (a), (b) or (c), “ custodial sentence ” means— a sentence of imprisonment, a sentence of detention in a young offender institution, a sentence of Borstal training, a sentence of youth custody, a sentence of corrective training, a sentence of detention under section 250 or 252A of the Sentencing Code or section 209 of the Armed Forces Act 2006, a detention and training order within the meaning given by section 233 of the Sentencing Code or an order under section 211 of the Armed Forces Act 2006, any sentence of a kind superseded (whether directly or indirectly) by a sentence mentioned in paragraph (f) or (g), “ earlier statutory order ” means— an order under section 54 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 committing the person convicted to custody in a remand home, an approved school order under section 57 of that Act, or any order of a kind superseded (whether directly or indirectly) by an order mentioned in any of paragraphs (c) to (e) of the definition of “relevant order” or in paragraph (a) or (b) above, “ relevant order ” means— a community or youth rehabilitation order, an order discharging a person conditionally for an offence, an order binding a person over to keep the peace or be of good behaviour, an order under section 1(2A) of the Street Offences Act 1959, a hospital order under Part 3 of the Mental Health Act 1983 (with or without a restriction order), a referral order under Chapter 1 of Part 6 of the Sentencing Code , an earlier statutory order, or any order which— imposes a disqualification, disability, prohibition, penalty, requirement or restriction, or is otherwise intended to regulate the behaviour of the person convicted, and is not otherwise dealt with in the Table, but does not include a reparation order under section 73 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 or Chapter 2 of Part 6 of the Sentencing Code , “ removal from Her Majesty's service ” means a sentence of dismissal with disgrace from Her Majesty's service, a sentence of dismissal from Her Majesty's service or a sentence of cashiering or discharge with ignominy, “ sentence of imprisonment ” includes a sentence of penal servitude (and “term of imprisonment” is to be read accordingly), “ sentence of service detention ” means— a sentence of service detention (within the meaning given by section 374 of the Armed Forces Act 2006), or a sentence of detention corresponding to such a sentence, in respect of a conviction in service disciplinary proceedings, or any sentence of a kind superseded (whether directly or indirectly) by a sentence mentioned in paragraph (a). Table A – disclosure periods: ordinary cases 5A 1 This is Table A as referred to in section 5(2A)— TABLE A Disclosure periods: ordinary cases Sentence Disclosure period – aged 18 or over Disclosure period – aged under 18 A custodial sentence not exceeding 12 months The term of the sentence plus 2 years Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) A custodial sentence exceeding 12 months but not exceeding 30 months The term of the sentence plus 4 years The term of the sentence plus 2 years A custodial sentence exceeding 30 months but not exceeding 48 months The term of the sentence plus 6 years The term of the sentence plus 3 years A fine 12 months Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) A compensation order under section 249 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 12 months Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) An order for endorsement made by a court in relation to an offence mentioned in schedule 2 of the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 5 years Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) Any sentence— not mentioned above in this Table or in Table B, or other than one to which section 5(2D), or any of sections 5C to 5J, applies 12 months Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) 2 In Table A, “ custodial sentence ” and “ Table B ” have the same meanings as given by section 5(12). Table B – disclosure periods: service disciplinary sentences 5B This is Table B as referred to in section 5(2C)— TABLE B Disclosure periods: service disciplinary sentences Sentence Disclosure period – aged 18 or over Disclosure period – aged under 18 A sentence of cashiering, discharge with ignominy or dismissal with disgrace from Her Majesty's service 10 years Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) A sentence of dismissal from Her Majesty's service 7 years Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) Any sentence of service detention within the meaning of the Armed Forces Act 2006, or any sentence of detention corresponding to such a sentence, in respect of a conviction in service disciplinary proceedings 5 years Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) A custodial order under section 71AA of the Army Act 1955 or the Air Force Act 1955, or under section 43AA of the Naval Discipline Act 1957, where the maximum period of detention specified in the order is more than 6 months 7 years Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) A custodial order under schedule 5A of the Army Act 1955 or the Air Force Act 1955, or under schedule 4A of the Naval Discipline Act 1957, where the maximum period of detention specified in the order is more than 6 months 7 years Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) A sentence of detention for a term exceeding 6 months but not exceeding 30 months passed under section 71A(4) of the Army Act 1955 or Air Force Act 1955, section 43A(4) of the Naval Discipline Act 1957 or section 209 of the Armed Forces Act 2006 5 years Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) A sentence of detention for a term not exceeding 6 months passed under section 71A(4) of the Army Act 1955 or Air Force Act 1955, section 43A(4) of the Naval Discipline Act 1957 or section 209 of the Armed Forces Act 2006 3 years Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) A custodial order under any of the schedules of the Army Act 1955, the Air Force Act 1955 or the Naval Discipline Act 1957 mentioned above, where the maximum period of detention specified in the order is 6 months or less 3 years Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) A custodial order under section 71AA of the Army Act 1955 or Air Force Act 1955, or section 43AA of the Naval Discipline Act 1957, where the maximum period of detention specified in the order is 6 months or less 3 years Nil (see section 5J(1)(ba)) Disclosure period: caution for good behaviour 5C 1 Subsection (2) applies where, in respect of a conviction, a person was ordained to find caution for good behaviour in respect of a period (“the caution period”). 2 The disclosure period applicable to the sentence is— a where the person was 18 years of age or older at the date of the conviction, whichever is the longer of— i 6 months from the date of the conviction, ii the length of the caution period, b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disclosure period: particular court orders 5D 1 Where, in respect of a conviction, an order listed in subsection (2) was imposed on a person, the disclosure period applicable to the sentence is— a where the person was 18 years of age or older at the date of the conviction, whichever is the longer of— i one year from the date of the conviction, ii a period beginning with that date and ending when the order ceases to have effect, b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The orders are— a a community payback order under section 227A of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, b a drug treatment and testing order under section 234B of that Act, c a restriction of liberty order under section 245A of that Act. 3 In subsection (1)(a)(ii) ... , the reference to when the order ceases to have effect is— a in the case of a community payback order, a reference to when the requirement imposed by the order ceases or ceased to have effect or otherwise requires or required to be complied with, b in the case of a drug treatment and testing order or restriction of liberty order, a reference to when the order ceases or ceased to have effect. Disclosure period: adjournment or deferral 5E 1 Where, after convicting a person, a court adjourns a case under section 201 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 or defers sentence under section 202 of that Act, the adjournment or deferral is to be treated as a sentence for the purposes of this Act. 2 The disclosure period applicable to a sentence mentioned in subsection (1) is a period beginning with the date of the conviction and ending on the date a relevant sentence in respect of the conviction is imposed on the person. 3 In subsection (2), a “relevant sentence” is any sentence other than an adjournment or deferral (or, where applicable, a further adjournment or deferral) imposed on the person in respect of the conviction. Disclosure period for certain mental health orders 5F 1 Subsection (2) applies where, further to the making of a compulsion order as mentioned in subsection (1) of section 59 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 in relation to a person, a restriction order under that section is made in respect of the person. 2 The disclosure period applicable to the restriction order is a period beginning with the date of the person's conviction in respect of which the compulsion order was made and ending on the date the restriction order ceases or ceased to have effect. 3 Subsection (4) applies where, by virtue of subsection (1)(b) of section 57 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995— a a compulsion order is made under subsection (2)(a) of that section in relation to a person authorising the person's detention in a hospital, and b a restriction order under subsection (2)(b) of that section is, in addition to the compulsion order, made in respect of the person. 4 The disclosure period applicable to the restriction order is a period beginning with the date of the person's conviction in respect of which the compulsion order was made and ending on the date the restriction order ceases or ceased to have effect. 5 Where, in respect of a conviction, an order listed in subsection (6) was made in relation to a person, the disclosure period applicable to the sentence is a period beginning with the date of the conviction and ending on the date a relevant sentence in respect of the conviction is imposed on the person. 6 The orders are— a an assessment order under section 52D or 52E of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, b a treatment order under section 52M or 52N of that Act, or c an interim compulsion order— i under section 53 of that Act, or ii if arising by virtue of subsection (1)(b) of section 57 of that Act, under subsection (2)(bb) of that section. 7 In subsection (5), a “relevant sentence” is any sentence other than an order mentioned in subsection (6) (or, where applicable, a further such order). Disclosure period: compulsion orders 5G 1 The disclosure period applicable to a compulsion order— a if arising by virtue of subsection (1)(b) of section 57 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, under subsection (2)(a) of that section, or b under section 57A of that Act, is a period beginning with the date of the conviction in respect of which the order was made and ending on the date the order ceases or ceased to have effect. 2 Subsection (1) is subject to sections 164A and 167A of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003. 3 Where the Mental Health Tribunal for Scotland makes a determination under section 167A(3) of that Act in relation to a person— a the person is, with effect from the date on which the disclosure period applicable to the compulsion order ends by virtue of that section, to be treated for the purposes of this Act as a protected person, and b the person's conviction in respect of which the compulsion order was made is for those purposes to be treated as spent. 4 Subsection (3) is subject to section 6(2). Disclosure period: orders relating to juvenile offenders 5H 1 Where, in respect of a conviction, an order mentioned in subsection (2) was imposed on a person, the disclosure period applicable to the sentence is 1 year from the date of the conviction. 2 The order is an order under section 61 of the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1937— a to send the person to an approved school, or b to commit the person to the care of a fit person. Disclosure period: service disciplinary orders 5I 1 Where, in respect of a conviction, a service community order, or an overseas community order, under the Armed Forces Act 2006 was made, the disclosure period applicable to the sentence is— a where the person was 18 years of age or older at the date of the conviction, 5 years from the date of the conviction, b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Where, in respect of a conviction, a community supervision order under schedule 5A of the Army Act 1955 or the Air Force Act 1955 or under schedule 4A of the Naval Discipline Act 1957 was imposed, the disclosure period applicable to the sentence is whichever is the longer of— a 1 year from the date of the conviction, b a period beginning with that date and ending when the order ceases or ceased to have effect. 3 Where, in respect of a conviction, an order under section 211 of the Armed Forces Act 2006 was made in respect of a person, the disclosure period applicable to the sentence is— a where the person was 18 years of age or older at the date of the conviction— i 5 years if the order was for a term exceeding 6 months, ii 3½ years if the order was for a term of 6 months or less, b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sentences to which no disclosure period applies 5J 1 There is no disclosure period applicable to— a an order discharging a person absolutely for an offence, b the dismissal of a person with an admonition, ba any sentence other than an excepted sentence mentioned in subsection (1A) imposed on a person in respect of a conviction for an offence committed when the person was under 18 years of age, c a guardianship order— i if arising by virtue of subsection (1)(b) of section 57 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, under subsection (2)(c) of that section, or ii under section 58(1A) or (3) of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, d the discharge by a children's hearing under section 69(1)(b) and (12) of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 of the referral of a child's case, e a supervision requirement under any provision of that Act, f the discharge by a children's hearing or, as the case may be, by the sheriff of the referral of a child's case to a children's hearing under section 91(3)(b), 93(2)(b) or 119(3)(b) of the Children's Hearings (Scotland) Act 2011, or g a compulsory supervision order under any provision of that Act. 1A The excepted sentences referred to in subsection (1)(ba) are— a an excluded sentence, b in the case of a conviction for an offence listed in any of paragraphs 52 to 59 of schedule 1 of the Disclosure (Scotland) Act 2020 (sexual offences), a custodial sentence (within the meaning of section 5(12)) for a term exceeding 12 months. 1B For the purposes of subsection (1)(ba), it is to be presumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that a person convicted of an offence was of the same age at the time the offence was committed as the person was at the date of conviction. 2 In relation to any of the cases mentioned in subsection (1), references in this Act to any disclosure period are to be read as if the period of time were nil. The rehabilitation disclosure period applicable to a conviction. 6 1 Where only one sentence is imposed in respect of a conviction (not being a sentence excluded from rehabilitation under this Act) the rehabilitation disclosure period applicable to the conviction is, subject to the following provisions of this section, the period applicable to the sentence in accordance with section 5 sections 5 to 5I above. 2 Where more than one sentence is imposed in respect of a conviction (whether or not in the same proceedings) and none of the sentences imposed is excluded from rehabilitation under this Act, then, subject to the following provisions of this section, if the periods applicable to those sentences in accordance with section 5 sections 5 to 5I above differ, the rehabilitation disclosure period applicable to the conviction shall be the longer or the longest (as the case may be) of those periods. 2A In subsections (1) and (2), the references to sentences do not include excluded sentences. 3 Without prejudice to subsection (2) above, where in respect of a conviction a person was conditionally discharged or a probation order was made and after the end of the rehabilitation period applicable to the conviction in accordance with subsection (1) or (2) above he is dealt with, in consequence of a breach of conditional discharge or a breach of the order , for the offence for which the order for conditional discharge or probation order was made was made, then, if the rehabilitation period applicable to the conviction in accordance with subsection (2) above (taking into account any sentence imposed when he is so dealt with) ends later than the rehabilitation period previously applicable to the conviction, he shall be treated for the purposes of this Act as not having become a rehabilitated person in respect of that conviction, and the conviction shall for those purposes be treated as not having become spent, in relation to any period falling before the end of the new rehabilitation period. 3ZA Subsection (3ZB) applies where— a an order listed in subsection (3ZC) is imposed on a person in respect of a conviction for an offence, b after the expiry of the disclosure period applicable to the conviction in accordance with subsection (1) or (2) (“the original disclosure period”), a further sentence for the offence is imposed on the person in consequence of breaching the order, and c by virtue of the further sentence, the disclosure period applicable to the conviction in accordance with subsection (2) (“the new disclosure period”) ends later than the original disclosure period. 3ZB Despite the expiry of the original disclosure period, the person is not to be treated for the purposes of this Act as a protected person in respect of the conviction until the expiry of the new disclosure period (and accordingly the conviction is not to be treated as spent until that period has expired). 3ZC The list is— a an order for conditional discharge, b a community payback order under section 227A of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, c a drug treatment and testing order under section 234B of that Act, d a restriction of liberty order under section 245A of that Act. 3ZD The Scottish Ministers may by regulations modify the list in subsection (3ZC) by— a amending an entry, b removing an entry, c adding an entry. 3ZE Regulations under subsection (3ZD) are subject to the affirmative procedure. 3A Without prejudice to subsection (2), where— a an order is made under section 1(2A) of the Street Offences Act 1959 in respect of a conviction, b after the end of the rehabilitation disclosure period applicable to the conviction the offender is dealt with again for the offence for which that order was made, and c the rehabilitation disclosure period applicable to the conviction in accordance with subsection (2) (taking into account any sentence imposed when so dealing with the offender) ends later than the rehabilitation disclosure period previously applicable to the conviction, the offender shall be treated for the purposes of this Act as not having become a rehabilitated protected person in respect of that conviction, and that conviction shall for those purposes be treated as not having become spent, in relation to any period falling before the end of the new rehabilitation disclosure period. 4 Subject to subsection (5) below, where during the rehabilitation period applicable to a conviction— a the person convicted is convicted of a further offence; and b no sentence excluded from rehabilitation under this Act is imposed on him in respect of the later conviction; if the rehabilitation period applicable in accordance with this section to either of the convictions would end earlier than the period so applicable in relation to the other, the rehabilitation period which would (apart from this subsection) end the earlier shall be extended so as to end at the same time as the other rehabilitation period. Where— a during the disclosure period applicable to a conviction, the person convicted is convicted of a further offence, and b the disclosure periods applicable to the two convictions under this section would end on different dates, the disclosure period which would end earlier is extended so as to end at the same time as the other disclosure period (but this rule is subject to subsections (4A) to (5B)). 4A Subsection (4B) applies where— a in relation to the conviction of a person (“the first conviction”) the court adjourns the case, or defers sentence, b during the disclosure period applicable to the adjournment or deferral, the person is convicted of a further offence, c a relevant sentence is imposed on the person in respect of the first conviction, and d there is, by virtue of section 5J, no disclosure period applicable to that sentence. 4B Section 4 does not operate so as to extend the disclosure period applicable to the first conviction. 4C In subsection (4A)— a references to adjournments and deferrals are to those matters as mentioned in section 5E(1), b a “relevant sentence” is any sentence other than an adjournment or deferral (as mentioned in section 5E(1)) or, where applicable, a further such adjournment or deferral. 5 Where the rehabilitation period applicable to a conviction is the rehabilitation period applicable to an order within paragraph (g) of the definition of “relevant order” in section 5(8) above , the rehabilitation period applicable to another conviction shall not by virtue of subsection (4) above be extended by reference to that period; but if any other sentence is imposed in respect of the first-mentioned conviction for which a rehabilitation period is prescribed by any other provision of section 5 above, the rehabilitation period applicable to another conviction shall, where appropriate, be extended under subsection (4) above by reference to the rehabilitation period applicable in accordance with that section to that sentence or, where more than one such sentence is imposed, by reference to the longer or longest of the periods so applicable to those sentences, as if the period in question were the rehabilitation period applicable to the first-mentioned conviction. A disclosure period is not extended in accordance with subsection (4) so as to end at the same time as another disclosure period if— a the other disclosure period is applicable in accordance with section 5(2E) to an order— i imposing on a person any disqualification, disability, prohibition, requirement or restriction, or ii which is otherwise intended to regulate behaviour, and b that order is the only sentence imposed in respect of the conviction to which the other disclosure period is applicable. 5A Subsection (5B) applies where— a more than one sentence is imposed in respect of a conviction (whether or not in the same proceedings), b none of the sentences is an excluded sentence, and c one of the sentences is an order mentioned in subsection (5) in respect of which the disclosure period is applicable in accordance with section 5(2E). 5B In determining whether the disclosure period applicable to another conviction is, in accordance with subsection (4), extended by virtue of the disclosure period applicable to the conviction mentioned in subsection (5A)(a), the disclosure period applicable to the order is to be disregarded. 6 . . . In subsection (4)(a), the reference to a conviction for a further offence does not include— a any conviction in England and Wales of a summary offence or of a scheduled offence (within the meaning of section 22 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 ) tried summarily in pursuance of subsection (2) of that section (summary trial where value involved is small); b any conviction by or before a criminal court in summary proceedings; bb any conviction in service disciplinary proceedings for an offence listed in Schedule 1 ; c any conviction by or before a court outside Scotland of an offence in respect of conduct which, if it had taken place in Scotland , would not have constituted an offence under the law in force in Scotland . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limitations on rehabilitation under this Act, etc. 7 1 Nothing in section 4(1) above shall affect— a any right of Her Majesty, by virtue of Her Royal prerogative or otherwise, to grant a free pardon, to quash any conviction or sentence, or to commute any sentence; b the enforcement by any process or proceedings of any fine or other sum adjudged to be paid by or imposed on a spent conviction; c the issue of any process for the purpose of proceedings in respect of any breach of a condition or requirement applicable to a sentence imposed in respect of a spent conviction; or d the operation of any enactment by virtue of which, in consequence of any conviction, a person is subject, otherwise than by way of sentence, to any disqualification, disability, prohibition , penalty, requirement, restriction or other regulation of the person’s behaviour the period of which extends beyond the rehabilitation period applicable in accordance with section 6 above to the conviction. 2 Nothing in section 4(1) above shall affect the determination of any issue, or prevent the admission or requirement of any evidence, relating to a person’s previous convictions or to circumstances ancillary thereto— a in any criminal proceedings before a court in England and Wales (including any appeal or reference in a criminal matter); b in any service disciplinary proceedings or in any proceedings on appeal from any service disciplinary proceedings; bb in any proceedings under Part 2 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, or on appeal from any such proceedings; c in any proceedings relating to adoption, the marriage of any minor, or the formation of a civil partnership by any minor, the exercise of the inherent jurisdiction of the High Court with respect to minors or the provision by any person of accommodation, care or schooling for minors; d in any proceedings relating to the variation or discharge of a youth rehabilitation order under Chapter 1 of Part 9 of the Sentencing Code , or on appeal from any such proceedings; cc in any proceedings brought under the Children Act 1989; e in any proceedings before a children’s hearing under the Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968 or on appeal from any such hearing; or f in any proceedings in which he is a party or a witness, provided that, on the occasion when the issue or the admission or requirement of the evidence falls to be determined, he consents to the determination of the issue or, as the case may be, the admission or requirement of the evidence notwithstanding the provisions of section 4(1). g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or h in any proceedings brought under Part 7 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (criminal memoirs etc ). . . . . . .. 3 If at any stage in any proceedings before a judicial authority in England and Wales (not being proceedings to which, by virtue of any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( e ) of subsection (2) above or of any order for the time being in force under subsection (4) below, section 4(1) above has no application, or proceedings to which section 8 below applies) the authority is satisfied, in the light of any considerations which appear to it to be relevant (including any evidence which has been or may thereafter be put before it), that justice cannot be done in the case except by admitting or requiring evidence relating to a person’s spent convictions or to circumstances ancillary thereto, that authority may admit or, as the case may be, require the evidence in question notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1) of section 4 above, and may determine any issue to which the evidence relates in disregard, so far as necessary, of those provisions. 4 The Secretary of State may by order exclude the application of section 4(1) above in relation to any proceedings specified in the order (other than proceedings to which section 8 below applies) to such extent and for such purposes as may be so specified. 5 No order made by a court with respect to any person otherwise than on a conviction shall be included in any list or statement of that person’s previous convictions given or made to any court which is considering how to deal with him in respect of any offence. Defamation actions. 8 1 This section applies to any action for libel or slander begun after the commencement of this Act by a rehabilitated protected person and founded upon the publication of any matter imputing that the plaintiff has committed or been charged with or prosecuted for or convicted of or sentenced for an offence which was the subject of a spent conviction. 2 Nothing in section 4(1) above shall affect an action to which this section applies where the publication complained of took place before the conviction in question became spent, and the following provisions of this section shall not apply in any such case. 3 Subject to subsections (5) and (6) below, nothing in section 4(1) above shall prevent the defendant in an action to which this section applies from relying on any defence of justification or fair comment or under section 2 or 3 of the Defamation Act 2013 which is available to him or any defence of absolute or qualified privilege which is available to him, or restrict the matters he may establish in support of any such defence. 4 Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (3) above, where in any such action malice is alleged against a defendant who is relying on a defence of qualified privilege, nothing in section 4(1) above shall restrict the matters he may establish in rebuttal of the allegation. 5 A defendant in any such action shall not by virtue of subsection (3) above be entitled to rely upon the defence of justification a defence under section 2 of the Defamation Act 2013 if the publication is proved to have been made with malice. 6 Subject to subsection (7) below a defendant in any such action shall not, by virtue of subsection (3) above, be entitled to rely on any matter or adduce or require any evidence for the purpose of establishing (whether under section 14 of the Defamation Act 1996 , section 9 of the Defamation and Malicious Publication (Scotland) Act 2021 or otherwise) the defence that the matter published constituted a fair and accurate report of judicial proceedings if it is proved that the publication contained a reference to evidence which was ruled to be inadmissible in the proceedings by virtue of section 4(1) above. 7 Subsection (3) above shall apply without the qualifications imposed by subsection (6) above in relation to— a any report of judicial proceedings contained in any bona fide series of law reports which does not form part of any other publication and consists solely of reports of proceedings in courts of law, and b any report or account of judicial proceedings published for bona fide educational, scientific or professional purposes, or given in the course of any lecture, class or discussion given or held for any of those purposes. 8 In the application of this section to Scotland— a for the reference in subsection (1) to libel and slander there shall be substituted a reference to defamation; b for references to the plaintiff and the defendant there shall be substituted respectively references to the pursuer and the defender; ... c for references to a defence under section 2 of the Defamation Act 2013 there is substituted a reference to a defence under section 5 of the Defamation and Malicious Publication (Scotland) Act 2021, and d for the reference to a defence under section 3 of the Defamation Act 2013 there is substituted a reference to a defence under section 7 of the Defamation and Malicious Publication (Scotland) Act 2021. Protection afforded to spent cautions 8A 1 Schedule 2 to this Act (protection for spent cautions) shall have effect. 2 In this Act “ caution ” means— a a conditional caution, that is to say, a caution given under section 22 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) (conditional cautions for adults) or under section 66A of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37) (conditional cautions for children and young persons); b any other caution given to a person in England and Wales in respect of an offence which, at the time the caution is given, that person has admitted; c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d anything corresponding to a caution ... falling within paragraph (a) or (b) (however described) which is given to a person in respect of an offence under the law of a country outside England and Wales and which is not an alternative to prosecution (within the meaning of section 8AA) . Protection afforded to spent alternatives to prosecution 8AA 1 The following provisions of this Act apply, with the modifications specified in subsection (3), to a spent alternative to prosecution as they apply to a spent caution— a section 9A (unauthorised disclosure of spent cautions), and b paragraphs 2 to 6 of Schedule 2 (protection relating to spent cautions and ancillary circumstances). 2 An alternative to prosecution becomes spent for the purposes of this Act when it becomes spent under the law of Scotland. 3 The modifications mentioned in subsection (1) are— a references to cautions are to be read as references to alternatives to prosecution (and references to cautioned are to be read accordingly), b references to the offence which was the subject of the caution are to be read as references to the offence in respect of which the alternative to prosecution was given, c paragraphs (e) and (f) of paragraph 2(1) of Schedule 2 are to be read as if they were— e anything done or undergone in pursuance of the terms of the alternative to prosecution, , d references to cautions for an offence are to be read as references to alternatives to prosecution in respect of an offence, and e the reference in paragraph 5 of Schedule 2 to the rehabilitation period applicable to the caution is to be read as a reference to the time at which the alternative to prosecution becomes spent. 4 In this section “ alternative to prosecution ” has the same meaning as in section 8B as that section has effect in the law of Scotland but disregarding subsection (1)(f) of that section. Protection afforded to spent alternatives to prosecution: Scotland 8B 1 Fo